Titanium Info
TITANIUM (Ti, atomic number 22) is a lustrous, grey metallic element used principally to make lightweight, resistant alloys. It is one of the transitional elements of the periodic table and has many desirable properties, most notably its incredible strength and durability.
Titanium is immune to corrosive attacks by saltwater and marine atmosphere, and exhibits exceptional resistance to a broad range of corrosive gases, acids and alkalis. Immune to microbiologically influenced corrosion, Titanium is physiologically inert and hypoallergenic.
Titanium is virtually non-magnetic, as well, making it ideal for applications where electromagnetic interference must be minimized.
Titanium exhibits a high strength to weight ratio. Pure titanium is stronger than steel yet nearly 50% lighter. When added to various alloys, its hardness, toughness and tensile strength can be increased dramatically.
Titanium is always found in combination with other substances, and occurs as an oxide in ilmenite, rutile and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. Titanium is ductile only when it is free of oxygen and nitrogen (air), melting at 16600C (30200F) and boiling at 32870C (59490F).
The complex process of converting titanium ore into metal has been commercially viable for a little more than 50 years. Since the commercial introduction of titanium, its use has expanded by an average of 8% per year and its popularity continues to grow.
Platinum Info
Platinum is the hardest of the precious metals, it never tarnishes. Its intense luster remains intact over the years, and it is completely hypoallergenic.
Platinum is extremely dense, and remarkably heavy. Much more so than silver or gold. This property of platinum enhances and ennobles the quality of the jewelry from which it is created.
The ultimate stability of platinum over the years is unmatched. It does not wear, and its extreme level of durability offers a profound guarantee of strength and longevity. When a customer comes into our shop to have their great grandmother's ring cleaned, invariably, the ring is made from platinum.
Platinum takes us back over 3000 years to ancient Egypt where the remarkable metalsmiths of that time became extremely skilled in the art of working with platinum. A 2500 year old coffin of an Egyptian High Priestess was discovered, decorated with platinum hieroglyphs. Their polish and luster were still perfect, giving dramatic proof of platinum's incomparable strength and durability.
Tungsten Info
The history of tungsten goes back to the 17th century. The miners in the ErzMountains of Saxony noticed that certain ores disturbed the reduction of cassiterite (a tin mineral) and induced slagging. "They tear away the tin and devour it like a wolf devours a sheep", a contemporary wrote in the symbolic language of those times. The miners gave this annoying ore German nicknames like "wolfert" and "wolffram" (which means wolf froth).
In 1758, the Swedish chemist and mineralogist, Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, discovered and described an unusually heavy mineral that he called "tung-sten", which is Swedish for heavy stone. He was convinced that this mineral contained a new and, as yet undiscovered, element.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolated tungsten trioxide for the first time in 1781. This statuette by Carl Milles is on view at Millesgarden outside Stockholm.It was not until 1781 that a fellow Swede, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who worked as a pharmacist and private tutor in Uppsala and Köping, succeeded in isolating the oxide (tungsten trioxide). Torbern Bergman, working at Uppsala, predicted that the acid isolated by Scheele contains a new metal which should be possible to prepare by coal reduction. One year later, a Spanish nobleman, Don Juan Jose de Elhuyar, studied at the University of Uppsala under Bergman. He also met Scheele.
Back in Spain, Juan Jose and his brother Fausto de Elhuyar de Suvisa were the first in 1783 to prepare tungsten metal by the method suggested by Bergman. They named it wolfram.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1816) and later also Friedrich Wöhler (1824) described the oxides and bronzes of tungsten and proposed to use the name "wolfram" for the metal in favour to tungsten. While Wolfram established itself in Germany and Scandinavia, the Anglo-Saxon countries preferred Cronstedt’s "tungsten".
In 1821, K.C. von Leonhard proposed the name "Scheelite" for the mineral CaWO4.
In 1847, R. Oxland took out a patent for the manufacture of sodium tungstate and tungstic acid, which forms the starting point of the metallurgy of tungsten. He was the real founder of the tungsten chemistry.
The first attempts to produce tungsten steel with excellent results were made in 1855 (J. Jacob and F. Koeller; Reichraming steel works; Austria).
Further improvements in alloying and hardening of steels by tungsten were made late in the 19th century (Robert Mushet special steel; Boehler “Boreas”steel). Rapid growth and widespread application followed the invention, and the launch of high speed steels by Bethlehem Steel (F.W. Taylor and M. White) took place in 1900 at the Paris World Exhibition.
The second important breakthrough in tungsten applications was made by W. D. Coolidge in 1908/1909. Coolidge succeeded in preparing a ductile tungsten wire by thermomechanical processing. Metal powder was pressed to bars, sintered and forged to thin rods. Very thin wire was then drawn from these rods. This was the beginning of tungsten powder metallurgy, which was instrumental in the rapid development of the lamp industry.
The year 1923 is the next important milestone in the chronology of tungsten. It marks the invention of hardmetal (combining WC and Cobalt by liquid phase sintering) by K. Schröter and the corresponding application for a patent which was granted to Osram Studiengesellschaft in Berlin and licensed to Krupp in Essen in 1926. Nowadays, hardmetal (cemented carbide) is the main application for tungsten.
TITANIUM (Ti, atomic number 22) is a lustrous, grey metallic element used principally to make lightweight, resistant alloys. It is one of the transitional elements of the periodic table and has many desirable properties, most notably its incredible strength and durability.
Titanium is immune to corrosive attacks by saltwater and marine atmosphere, and exhibits exceptional resistance to a broad range of corrosive gases, acids and alkalis. Immune to microbiologically influenced corrosion, Titanium is physiologically inert and hypoallergenic.
Titanium is virtually non-magnetic, as well, making it ideal for applications where electromagnetic interference must be minimized.
Titanium exhibits a high strength to weight ratio. Pure titanium is stronger than steel yet nearly 50% lighter. When added to various alloys, its hardness, toughness and tensile strength can be increased dramatically.
Titanium is always found in combination with other substances, and occurs as an oxide in ilmenite, rutile and sphene, and is present in titanates and in many iron ores. Titanium is present in the ash of coal, in plants, and in the human body. Titanium is ductile only when it is free of oxygen and nitrogen (air), melting at 16600C (30200F) and boiling at 32870C (59490F).
The complex process of converting titanium ore into metal has been commercially viable for a little more than 50 years. Since the commercial introduction of titanium, its use has expanded by an average of 8% per year and its popularity continues to grow.
Platinum Info
Platinum is the hardest of the precious metals, it never tarnishes. Its intense luster remains intact over the years, and it is completely hypoallergenic.
Platinum is extremely dense, and remarkably heavy. Much more so than silver or gold. This property of platinum enhances and ennobles the quality of the jewelry from which it is created.
The ultimate stability of platinum over the years is unmatched. It does not wear, and its extreme level of durability offers a profound guarantee of strength and longevity. When a customer comes into our shop to have their great grandmother's ring cleaned, invariably, the ring is made from platinum.
Platinum takes us back over 3000 years to ancient Egypt where the remarkable metalsmiths of that time became extremely skilled in the art of working with platinum. A 2500 year old coffin of an Egyptian High Priestess was discovered, decorated with platinum hieroglyphs. Their polish and luster were still perfect, giving dramatic proof of platinum's incomparable strength and durability.
Tungsten Info
The history of tungsten goes back to the 17th century. The miners in the ErzMountains of Saxony noticed that certain ores disturbed the reduction of cassiterite (a tin mineral) and induced slagging. "They tear away the tin and devour it like a wolf devours a sheep", a contemporary wrote in the symbolic language of those times. The miners gave this annoying ore German nicknames like "wolfert" and "wolffram" (which means wolf froth).
In 1758, the Swedish chemist and mineralogist, Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, discovered and described an unusually heavy mineral that he called "tung-sten", which is Swedish for heavy stone. He was convinced that this mineral contained a new and, as yet undiscovered, element.
Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolated tungsten trioxide for the first time in 1781. This statuette by Carl Milles is on view at Millesgarden outside Stockholm.It was not until 1781 that a fellow Swede, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who worked as a pharmacist and private tutor in Uppsala and Köping, succeeded in isolating the oxide (tungsten trioxide). Torbern Bergman, working at Uppsala, predicted that the acid isolated by Scheele contains a new metal which should be possible to prepare by coal reduction. One year later, a Spanish nobleman, Don Juan Jose de Elhuyar, studied at the University of Uppsala under Bergman. He also met Scheele.
Back in Spain, Juan Jose and his brother Fausto de Elhuyar de Suvisa were the first in 1783 to prepare tungsten metal by the method suggested by Bergman. They named it wolfram.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1816) and later also Friedrich Wöhler (1824) described the oxides and bronzes of tungsten and proposed to use the name "wolfram" for the metal in favour to tungsten. While Wolfram established itself in Germany and Scandinavia, the Anglo-Saxon countries preferred Cronstedt’s "tungsten".
In 1821, K.C. von Leonhard proposed the name "Scheelite" for the mineral CaWO4.
In 1847, R. Oxland took out a patent for the manufacture of sodium tungstate and tungstic acid, which forms the starting point of the metallurgy of tungsten. He was the real founder of the tungsten chemistry.
The first attempts to produce tungsten steel with excellent results were made in 1855 (J. Jacob and F. Koeller; Reichraming steel works; Austria).
Further improvements in alloying and hardening of steels by tungsten were made late in the 19th century (Robert Mushet special steel; Boehler “Boreas”steel). Rapid growth and widespread application followed the invention, and the launch of high speed steels by Bethlehem Steel (F.W. Taylor and M. White) took place in 1900 at the Paris World Exhibition.
The second important breakthrough in tungsten applications was made by W. D. Coolidge in 1908/1909. Coolidge succeeded in preparing a ductile tungsten wire by thermomechanical processing. Metal powder was pressed to bars, sintered and forged to thin rods. Very thin wire was then drawn from these rods. This was the beginning of tungsten powder metallurgy, which was instrumental in the rapid development of the lamp industry.
The year 1923 is the next important milestone in the chronology of tungsten. It marks the invention of hardmetal (combining WC and Cobalt by liquid phase sintering) by K. Schröter and the corresponding application for a patent which was granted to Osram Studiengesellschaft in Berlin and licensed to Krupp in Essen in 1926. Nowadays, hardmetal (cemented carbide) is the main application for tungsten.
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